Pentazocine versus tramadol-paracetamol combination as analgesia in labor: A randomized controlled trial

Objectives: Labor should be a satisfactory experience and effective pain management should be employed as recommended by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. In developing countries, pain management in labor is still a big challenge and the search for the ultimate labor analgesia is still ongoing. The objectives of the study were to determine whether the synergistic analgesic effect of the combination of tramadol and paracetamol will produce analgesia comparable to pentazocine with a better side effect profile. Material and Methods: This was a randomized controlled, double-blinded trial of tramadol-paracetamol combination versus pentazocine as labor analgesia and was carried out at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, between June 2018 and March 2019. A total of 218 eligible parturients recruited at term, were counseled on labor analgesia, its benefits, and the options made available to them and educated on the pain scoring system. Parturients were allocated into two groups using computer-generated numbers with the WINPEPI software. Group A was given tramadol-paracetamol combination, while Group B received pentazocine, both at standard doses. Hourly pain scores, APGAR scores, labor duration, patients' satisfaction, and side effects were collated. The level of significance was set at <0.05. Results: Tramadol-paracetamol was administered to 109 (50.9%) while pentazocine was administered to105 (49.1%) of the study participants. The mean age in the tramadol-paracetamol group was 29.6 ± 4.8 years, and in the pentazocine group, it was 28.8 ± 4.5 years. The difference in pain scores on the visual analog scale was statistically significant at the 3rd and 4th h (P = 0.02 and 0.004), but not significant in the 1st and 2nd h (P = 0.05 and 0.22) in the two groups. Overall, the average pain score in the tramadol-paracetamol group was significantly higher compared to the pentazocine group (5.27 ± 1.86 vs. 4.72 ± 1.54; P = 0.02). The 1st and 5th min APGAR scores (P = 0.44 and 0.67, respectively) of neonates in the tramadol-paracetamol and pentazocine groups were comparable. Nausea and drowsiness occurred more frequently in the pentazocine group at P-values of 0.047 and 0.0015, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of labor between the tramadol-paracetamol and pentazocine groups. not statistically significant, a higher proportion of parturients in the pentazocine group was satisfied compared with the tramadol-paracetamol group (71.4% vs. 63.3%; P = 0.13).Conclusion: This study showed that intravenous pentazocine provides better pain relief in labor, but the tramadol-paracetamol combination has fewer side effects

Managing acute opioid withdrawal with tramadol during COVID-19 lockdown in a peri-urban setting

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has highlighted the scope of heroin dependence and need for evidence-based treatment amongst marginalised people in South Africa. Acute opioid withdrawal management without maintenance therapy carries risks of increased morbidity and mortality. Due to the high costs of methadone, Tshwane's Community Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP) used tramadol for opioid withdrawal management during the initial COVID-19 response. Aim: To describe demographics, route of heroin administration and medication-related experiences amongst people accessing tramadol for treatment of opioid withdrawal.Setting: Three community-based COSUP sites in Mamelodi (Tshwane, South Africa). Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered paper-based tool between April and August 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: Of the 220 service users initiated onto tramadol, almost half (n = 104, 47%) were not contactable. Fifty-eight (26%) people participated, amongst whom most were male (n = 55, 95%). Participants' median age was 32 years. Most participants injected heroin (n = 36, 62.1%). Most participants experienced at least one side effect (n = 47, 81%) with 37 (64%) experiencing two or more side effects from tramadol. Insomnia occurred most frequently (n = 26, 45%). One person without a history of seizures experienced a seizure. Opioid withdrawal symptoms were experienced by 54 participants (93%) whilst taking tramadol. Over half (n = 38, 66%) reported using less heroin whilst on tramadol. Conclusion: Tramadol reduced heroin use but was associated with withdrawal symptoms and unfavourable side effects. Findings point to the limitations of tramadol as opioid withdrawal management to retain people in care and the importance of access to first-line opioid agonists.

Kounis Syndrome: Case Report in Goiânia/BR

Abstract 22-year-old male patient with no heart disease, who was given an ambulatory medication with analgesics due to an acute renal crisis. After the drug administration, the patient presented dyspnea, cyanosis, and hemoptysis. There was suspicion of anaphylactic shock, which was treated, but there was no improvement in the clinical condition. The patient was referred to the Intensive Care Unit, where tests were performed showing elevated cardiac enzymes and Immunoglobulin E and Computed Tomography of Thoracic revealed alveolar hemorrhage. He developed clinical worsening and died after sepsis. The final diagnosis was of kounis syndrome due to the hypersensitivity reaction to the analgesics introduced in the patient, generating an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this case report was to highlight a syndrome that is little reported because it is not part of the differential diagnosis routines of ACS, but it generates important complications.

Safety and efficacy of "on-demand" tramadol in patients with premature ejaculation: an updated meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tramadol has been used for the treatment of premature ejaculation, however, the studies published for the same are not well designed. The primary objective of this study was to explore the literature pertaining to the use of tramadol in patients with PE to determine its safety and efficacy in this population. Materials ande methods: Systematic literature search of various electronic databases was conducted to include all the randomized studies and quasi-randomized studies. Standard PRISMA (Preferred reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines were pursued for this review and study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019123381). Results: Out of 9 studies included in this review, 5 were randomized controlled trials, and rests of the 4 studies were quasi-randomized studies. Tramadol resulted in significantly higher improvement of IELT with the mean difference (MD) of 139.6 seconds and confidence interval (CI) 106.5-172.6 seconds with a p-value of p <0.00001. All dosages except 25mg fared well as compared to placebo. Tramadol fared better than placebo at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after initiation of therapy as compared to the placebo. Tramadol group had reported a significantly higher number of adverse events with treatment as compared to placebo but none of them were serious. Conclusion: Tramadol appears to be an effective drug for the management of PE with a low propensity for serious adverse events. However, evidence obtained from this study is of low to moderate quality. Furthermore, effective dose and duration of therapy remain elusive.

Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol / [Pressão intraocular e diâmetro pupilar em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com tramadol]

The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.(AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é determinar possíveis alterações na pressão intraocular (PIO) e no diâmetro pupilar (DP) em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com acepromazina/tramadol. Trinta gatos saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=15/cada) e tratados com acepromazina (GA) ou acepromazina/tramadol (GAT). DP e PIO foram avaliadas antes (basal) e após 30 (PM1) e 40 minutos (PM2) dos tratamentos. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol, e a PIO e o DP foram registrados (A10) a cada 10 minutos até o final da anestesia com isoflurano (A40). Ao se compararem os valores obtidos no basal com PM1, a PIO diminuiu em GA e GAT; com PM2, a PIO reduziu apenas no GA. Durante a anestesia, a PIO não diferiu dentro e entre os grupos. Comparações entre os valores basais e os registrados em PM1 e em PM2 mostraram que a DP aumentou significativamente no GAT. Durante a anestesia, o DP diminuiu significativamente em GA e GAT. Ambos os protocolos mantêm a PIO dentro dos valores de referência para realizar cirurgias corneanas ou intraoculares em gatos saudáveis, mas não sustentam a dilatação pupilar pré-anestésica observada em GAT.(AU)

Evaluación del efecto analgésico transoperatorio del tramadol comparado con la lidocaína en caninos oncológico / Assessment of the adverse effect of tramadol compared to lidocaine in the oncologic intraoperative in canines

Introducción: El estudio y tratamiento del dolor ha sido una de las preocupaciones más importantes en los últimos 30 años en el ámbito médico mundial. Desde hace varias décadas a nivel internacional se realizan estudios sobre el efecto del tramadol y la lidocaína como analgésicos intraoperatorio, con el fin de obtener una adecuada analgesia durante el procedimiento quirúrgico y el periodo posoperatorio inmediato. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto analgésico del tramadol y la lidocaína durante el período transoperatorio en caninos programados para intervención quirúrgica. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, comparativo, con animales programados para tratamiento quirúrgico por presentar tumores periféricos. Se incluyeron 10 animales divididos en 2 grupos. El grupo control (G-C) que recibió lidocaína sin preservo (lidocaína SP) en infusión continua durante el procedimiento quirúrgico y el grupo 1 (G-1) que se le administró tramadol endovenoso previo al acto quirúrgico. Se evaluaron variables hemodinámicas y de oxigenación como indicadores indirectos de dolor transoperatorio. Resultados: La muestra fue homogénea para la edad y el sexo. El comportamiento de las variables hemodinámicas resultó más estable durante la infusión de lidocaína. La saturación periférica de oxígeno fue similar con ambos medicamentos, así como la temperatura. Conclusiones: La infusión intravenosa de lidocaína SP durante el periodo transoperatorio en caninos oncológico demostró una mejor efectividad analgésica en comparación con el tramadol aplicado preoperatoriamente, según los parámetros evaluados(AU)

Introduction: Study and treatment of pain has been one of the most important concerns in the last thirty years in the worldwide medical field. For several decades, international studies have been carried out on the effect of tramadol and lidocaine as intraoperative analgesics, in order to achieve adequate analgesia during surgical procedures and the immediate postoperative period. Objective: To compare the analgesic effect of tramadol and lidocaine during the intraoperative period in canines scheduled for surgical intervention. Method: A prospective, comparative study was carried out with animals scheduled for surgical treatment due to peripheral tumors. Ten animals were included, divided into two groups: the control group, which received lidocaine without preservation in continuous infusion during the surgical procedure, and group 1, which was administered intravenous tramadol prior to the surgical act. Hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were assessed as indirect indicators of intraoperative pain. Results: The sample was homogeneous for age and sex. The behavior of the hemodynamic variables was more stable during the lidocaine infusion. Peripheral oxygen saturation was similar in both drugs, as well as temperature. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine without preservation during the intraoperative period in oncological canines showed better analgesic effectiveness compared to tramadol applied preoperatively, according to the parameters assessed(AU)

Poisoning in domestic cats in Brazil: toxicants, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches / [Intoxicação em gatos domésticos no Brasil: toxicantes, sinais clínicos e abordagens terapêuticas]

This study evaluated the most common toxic agents affecting domestic cats, the clinical signs of toxicity, and the therapeutic approaches for recovery. A survey on poisoning in cats was conducted among small animal veterinary practitioners from 2017 to 2018. Of the 748 completed questionnaires, 543 (72.6%) were evaluated. Pesticides and household cleaning supplies were the most common causes of poisoning in cats. The toxicant groups included pesticides and household cleaning supplies (organophosphates), human drugs (acetaminophen), plants/plant derivatives (lily), and veterinary drugs (tramadol). The major clinical signs for these four groups of toxicants were (1) acetaminophen poisoning, which caused oxidative erythrocyte damage; (2) muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic syndrome, which resulted from organophosphate poisoning; (3) acute kidney injury, which resulted from intoxication of lily; and (4) serotonin syndrome, which resulted from tramadol toxicosis. Interventions for treating poisoning in cats were based on the clinical presentation of animals. In the present study, the significant toxins identified to be dangerous for cats were characterized using the obtained data in Brazil as well as the main associated clinical signs and therapy recommended by veterinarians.(AU)

Objetiva-se com este trabalho caracterizar os principais toxicantes para gatos domésticos, bem como os prevalentes sinais clínicos e a terapêutica associada. Uma pesquisa sobre envenenamento em gatos foi realizada entre médicos veterinários no período de 2017 a 2018. Dos 748 questionários preenchidos, 543 (72,6%) foram avaliados. Pesticidas e domissanitários foram os principais causadores de intoxicação em gatos. Entre os grupos tóxicos, destacaram-se, na categoria pesticidas e domissanitários (organofosforados), medicamentos humanos (acetaminofeno), plantas e derivados de planta (lírio) e medicamentos veterinários (tramadol). Os principais sinais clínicos para os quatro grupos de substâncias tóxicas foram: (1) intoxicação por acetaminofeno, que causou dano eritrocitário oxidativo; (2) síndrome colinérgica muscarínica e nicotínica, resultante do envenenamento por organofosforado; (3) lesão renal aguda, causada pela intoxicação por lírio; e (4) síndrome serotoninérgica, resultante da exposição ao tramadol. As intervenções realizadas para o tratamento dos envenenamentos foram justificáveis mediante a apresentação clínica dos animais. Por meio dos dados obtidos, puderam-se caracterizar os principais tóxicos para gatos no Brasil, bem como os principais sinais clínicos associados e a terapêutica preconizada pelos médicos veterinários.(AU)

Tratamiento conservador de la artrosis de cadera / Conservative treatment of hip osteoarthritis

Ante un escenario clínico de coxalgia por artrosis de cadera se planteó la necesidad de conocer los tratamientos con-servadores más seguros y efectivos para el manejo del dolor. El tratamiento de la artrosis requiere un enfoque integral e individualizado en función de las preferencias del paciente para lograr el máximo beneficio clínico. Existen numerosas estrategias útiles para el manejo del dolor en pacientes con artrosis de cadera siendo fuertemente recomendados de inicio la actividad física, los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) orales y en ciertos casos los corticoides intraarticulares, tramadol o duloxetina, siempre asociado con la actividad física. Los ejercicios más recomendados son los aeróbicos y el Tai Chi o yoga. (AU)

Faced with a clinical scenario of coxalgia due to hip osteoarthritis, the need to know the safest and most effective conservative treatments for pain management arose. The treatment of osteoarthritis requires a comprehensive and individualised approach based on the patient's preferences to achieve maximum clinical benefit. There are numerous useful strategies for pain management in patients with hip osteoarthritis being strongly recommended from the beginning such as physical activity, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and in certain cases intra-articular corticosteroids, tramadol or duloxetine, always associated with physical activity. The most recommended exercises are aerobics and Tai Chi or yoga. (AU)

Comparison between subarachnoid morphine and femoral nerve block for analgesia after knee ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre morfina subaracnoidea e bloqueio do nervo femoral para analgesia após reconstrução ligamentar de joelho: estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Background and objectives There are no consensus of the ideal technique to provide analgesia in knee ligament reconstructions. The aim of this study was to compare the intensity of postoperative pain in these patients under different modalities of analgesia. Method Randomized and controlled clinical trial of patients undergoing reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) with flexor tendons between December 2013 and 2014. All patients underwent spinal anesthesia and rescue analgesia with tramadol. The groups C, M, R0,375 and R0,25 was compared with only the previously described technique, subarachnoid morphine (100░µg), or Femoral Nerve Block (BNF) with 25░mL of 0.375% ropivacaine and 0.25%, respectively. Pain intensity at 6, 12 and 24░hours, age, sex, rescue analgesia, adverse reactions and satisfaction were evaluated. Results Among the 83 eligible patients, a predominance of males (85.7%) was observed, between 28 and 31 years. The group C requested more opioid (27.3%) than the other groups, without significance when compared. There were no significant differences in pain intensity at 6, 12 and 24░hours. There was a higher incidence of urinary retention in the M group (23.8%) than in the R0,375 (0%) and prolonged quadriceps motor block in the R0,375 group (30%) than in the M and C groups (0%), with statistical significance (p░<░0.05). Conclusion There was no difference in the intensity of postoperative pain in patients submitted to ACL reconstruction with flexor tendons under the analgesic modalities evaluated, despite the predominance of urinary retention in the M group and motor block in the R0,375 group.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Não há consenso sobre qual é a técnica ideal para prover analgesia em reconstruções ligamentares de joelho. Objetivou‐se comparar a intensidade da dor pós‐operatória desses pacientes sob diferentes modalidades de analgesia. Método Ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior com tendões flexores entre dezembro de 2013 e 2014. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a raquianestesia e analgesia de resgate com tramadol. Compararam‐se os grupos C, M, R0,375 e R0,25; aos quais se ofertou apenas a técnica anteriormente descrita, morfina subaracnóidea (100 µg) ou bloqueio de nervo femoral com 25 mL de ropivacaína 0,375% e 0,25%, respectivamente. Avaliou‐se intensidade da dor em 6, 12 e 24 horas, idade, sexo, analgesia de resgate, reações adversas e satisfação. Resultados Entre os 83 pacientes elegíveis, observou‐se predomínio do sexo masculino (85,7%) entre 28 e 31 anos. O Grupo C solicitou mais opioide (27,3%) do que os demais grupos, sem significância quando comparados. Não houve diferenças significativas na intensidade da dor em 6, 12 e 24 horas. Houve maior incidência de retenção urinária no Grupo M (23,8%) do que no R0,375 (0%) e de bloqueio motor prolongado do quadríceps no Grupo R0,375 (30%) do que nos Grupos M e C (0%), com significância estatística (p< 0,05). Conclusão Não houve diferença na intensidade da dor pós‐operatória nos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de ligamento cruzado anterior com tendões flexores sob as modalidades analgésicas avaliadas, apesar do predomínio de retenção urinária no Grupo M e bloqueio motor no Grupo R0,375.

Influência do tramadol associado à levobupicavaína epidural sobre a taxa de propofol e variáveis fisiológicas, em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à ovário-histerectomia / [Influence of tramadol combined with epidural levobupicavaine, on the propofol infusion rate and physiological variables, in female dogs undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy]

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos e sobre o consumo do propofol, relativos à anestesia epidural com levobupivacaína isolada ou associada a diferentes doses de tramadol. Para tal, 18 cadelas foram pré-tratadas com acepromazina, utilizando-se propofol para indução e manutenção anestésicas. Conforme o protocolo epidural instituído, formaram-se três grupos (n=6) tratados com levobupivacaína isolada (1,5mg/kg) (GL) ou acrescida de 2mg/kg (GLT2) ou 4mg/kg (GLT4) de tramadol, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram submetidas à mastectomia e à ovário-histerectomia (OH), registrando-se as variáveis fisiológicas nos períodos pré (TB e T0) e transanestésicos (T10 a T70), bem como a taxa mínima de propofol necessária. Houve redução da FC para o GL e o GLT4 em relação ao GLT2 (T30 a T70), detectando-se, no GL, redução da PAS e da PAD em relação ao TB. Maiores taxas de infusão do propofol foram necessárias para o GL (0,70±0,12mg/kg/min) em relação ao GLT2 (0,50±0,19mg/kg/min) e ao GLT4 (0,50±0,19mg/kg/min). Conclui-se que o tramadol potencializou o propofol, ao ofertar analgesia, independentemente da dose administrada. Todos os protocolos testados foram seguros e eficazes em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à OH.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and on propofol-sparing effects related to epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine alone or combined with different doses of tramadol. For this purpose, 18 female dogs were pretreated with acepromazine, using propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Based on a previously established epidural (L7-S1) protocol, three groups (n=6) were treated with either levobupivacaine alone (1.5mg.k-1) (GL) or in association with to 2mg.kg-1 (GLT2) or 4mg.kg-1 (GLT4) of tramadol, respectively. These dogs were all undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy (OH). The physiological data were registered in the pre (TB and T0) and trans-anesthetic periods (T10 - T70), as well as the consumption of propofol. There was a reduction in the HR for GL and GLT4 in relation to GLT2 (T30 - T70) and reductions in SAP and DAP in relation to TB in the GL group. Higher continuous infusion rate of propofol were required for GL (0.70±0.12mg.kg-1.min-1) relative to GLT2 (0.50±0.19mg.kg-1.min-1) and GLT4 (0.50±0.19mg.kg-1.min-1). It was concluded that tramadol potentiated propofol, offering analgesia independently of its administered dose. All protocols tested were safe and effective in female dogs undergoing mastectomy and OH.(AU)

Traditional chest drainage versus drainage by thoracotomy: a prospective randomized study / Drenagem torácica tradicional versus drenagem pela toracotomia: estudo prospectivo randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the chest tube drainage by the same thoracotomy intercostal space with the traditional approach in patients undergoing muscle-sparing thoracotomy. Methods We evaluated 40 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent elective muscle sparing thoracotomies. Patients were divided into two groups of 20 patients. One group underwent thoracic drainage by the same intercostal space of thoracotomy and the other by traditional chest drainage approach. Results The mean length of hospital stay for the intercostal drainage group in the intensive care unit was 1.5 day (1.0 to 2.0 days) and 2.0 days (25.1 to 3.0 days) for the traditional chest drainage group (p=0.060). The intercostal drainage group had mean length of hospital stay (p=0.527) and drainage (p=0.547) of 4 days, and the traditional chest drainage group and 2 and 5.5 days, respectively. Dipirona and tramadol doses did not differ between groups (p=0.201 and p=0.341). The mean pain scale values on first postoperative was 4.24 in the drainage by the same intercostal group and 3.95 in the traditional chest drainage (p=0.733). In third postoperative day, mean was 3.18 for the first group and 3.11 for the traditional group (p=0.937). In the 15th day after surgery, drainage by the incision was 1.53 and the traditional chest drainage was 2.11 (p=0.440), 30th days after drainage by incision was 0.71 and traditional chest drainage was 0.84 (p=0.787). Complications, for both groups were similar with 30% in proposed drainage and 25% in traditional approach (p=0.723). Conclusion Drainage by the same thoracotomy intercostal space was feasible and results 30 days after surgery were not inferior to those of the traditional chest drainage approach.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a drenagem torácica pela mesma intercostotomia à drenagem tradicional em pacientes submetidos à toracotomia poupadora lateral. Métodos Foram avaliados 40 pacientes maiores de 18 anos submetidos a toracotomias poupadoras laterais eletivas. Eles foram separados em dois grupos de 20 pacientes cada, sendo um submetido à drenagem torácica pelo mesmo espaço intercostal da toracotomia e o outro à drenagem tradicional. Resultados No grupo da drenagem pela mesma intercostotomia, a mediana de tempo de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 1,5 dia (1,0 a 2,0 dias) e de 2,0 dias (1,25 a 3,0 dias) na drenagem tradicional (p=0,060). As medianas do tempo de internação (p=0,527) e de drenagem (p=0,547) foram ambas de 4 dias, no primeiro grupo, e de 2 e 5,5 dias, no grupo com drenagem tradicional. As doses utilizadas de dipirona e de tramadol não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos (p=0,201 e p=0,341). As médias da escala de dor foram 4,24 no primeiro dia pós-operatório do grupo com a drenagem proposta e 3,95 nos drenados da forma tradicional (p=0,733); no terceiro pós-operatório, foi de 3,18 para o grupo drenado pela incisão e de 3,11 nos drenados da forma tradicional (p=0,937). No 15º dia após a cirurgia, a drenagem pela incisão foi de 1,53 e a tradicional de 2,11 (p=0,440); no 30º pós-operatório, foi de 0,71 e 0,84, respectivamente, para a incisão e a forma tradicional (p=0,787). Em relação às complicações, os grupos foram semelhantes, com 30% na drenagem proposta e 25% na drenagem tradicional (p=0,723). Conclusão A drenagem pelo mesmo espaço intercostal foi exequível e não apresentou inferioridade à técnica tradicional no período pós-operatório estudado de 30 dias.

Comparison of the duration and quality of epidural analgesia between plain bupivacaine alone and plain bupivacaine with tramadol in lower limb orthopaedic surgeries

Background: This study was aimed at comparing the duration and quality of epidural analgesia between plain bupivacaine alone with plain bupivacaine and tramadol in lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Method: This was a prospective randomized double blinded control study involving 74 ASA I and II patients scheduled for elective lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Group A (n=37) received 19mls of 0.5% epidural plain bupivacaine with 1 ml of water for injection, while group B received 19mls of 0.5% epidural plain bupivacaine with 1ml (50mg) of preservative freetramadol. The duration of analgesia was from the time of epidural block to the time of rescue analgesia. While, the quality of block was measured with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Bromage scale. Results: Thestudy ages were between 16-60years,consisting of 22(60%) male and 15(40%) female in group A, while in group B 20 (54%) were male and 17(46%) female. It showed the mean duration of analgesia were 189.05±21.92min and 254.19±32.78min in group A and B respectively with p <0.01.The intra-operative VAS scores between the two groups did not show any significant difference between study groups (P> 0.05).The differences of grades of motor block and maximum sensory block height were not statistically significant (P=0.26) among the study groups. Conclusion: The addition of 50mg (1ml) of tramadol to plain bupivacaine epidurally prolonged the duration of analgesia and improved the quality of analgesia when compared to the use of bupivacaine alone

Avaliação da anestesia epidural com lidocaína associada ao tramadol ou à dexmedetomidina, em gatas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia, anestesiadas com propofol / Evaluation of epidural anesthesia with lidocaine associated to tramadol or dexmedetomidine, in cats undergoing ovariosalpingohisterectomy, anesthetized with propofol

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos fisiológicos, analgésicos e sobre a taxa de infusão de propofol, decorrentes da anestesia epidural com lidocaína, associada ao tramadol ou à dexmedetomidina, em felinas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH). Para tal, 16 felinas hígidas foram pré-tratadas com acepromazina 0,08mg/kg/IM, utilizando-se propofol para a indução (dose-efeito) e manutenção anestésicas. Após indução, as gatas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos (n=8), designados: grupo lidocaína-tramadol (GLT), tratado com lidocaína (3,0mg/kg) associada ao tramadol (2,0mg/kg); e grupo lidocaína-dexmedetomidina (GLD), tratado com lidocaína (3,0mg/kg) associada à dexmedetomidina (2µg/kg), pela via epidural. Durante a OSH, a infusão de propofol foi aumentada ou reduzida, objetivando-se manutenção de plano anestésico cirúrgico. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: f, FC, SPO2, EtCO2, PAS, PAD, PAM, T°C, nos períodos pré (M1) e transoperatórios (M2 a M7); a taxa mínima de propofol necessária; o tempo de recuperação anestésica e a qualidade da analgesia pós-cirúrgica durante seis horas. Ambos os tratamentos garantiram baixas taxas mínimas de infusão de propofol, todavia o uso da dexmedetomidina resultou em bradicardia inicial, elevação da pressão arterial, maior tempo de recuperação e menor qualidade analgésica, quando comparada ao tramadol.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare the physiological and analgesic effects and the minimum infusion rate of propofol of epidural anesthesia with lidocaine associated to tramadol or dexmedetomidine, in cats undergoing ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH). For this purpose, 16 healthy cats were pretreated with acepromazine (0.08mg kg -1 IM) and propofol was used for induction (dose-effect) and maintenance of anesthesia. After induction, the cats were assigned in two randomized groups (n= 8), named: Lidocaine-tramadol group (LTG), treated with lidocaine (3mg kg -1 ) associated to tramadol (2mg kg -1 ) and Lidocaine-dexmedetomidine group (LDG), treated with lidocaine (3mg kg -1 ) associated to dexmedetomidine (2g kg -1 ), by epidural route. During OSH, propofol infusion was increased or decreased, setting to maintain surgical anesthetic depth. The parameters f, HR, SPO 2 , EtCO 2 , SAP, DAP, MAP, T°C in the pre (M1) and trans-operative periods (M2 to M7); minimum infusion rate of propofol; time of anesthetic recovery and quality of postoperative analgesia during six-hour interval, were evaluated. Both protocols provided low minimum infusion rate of propofol. However, dexmedetomidine resulted in initial bradycardia, elevated blood pressure, longer recovery time, and lower analgesic quality when compared to tramadol.(AU)

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial / Eficácia do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia após colecistectomia laparoscópica: um estudo controlado randômico

Abstract Background and objectives: The primary aim of this study is to assess the effect of ultrasoung-guided erector spinae block on postoperative opioid consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The secondary aims are to assess the effects of erector spinae plane block on intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores. Methods: Patients between 18-70 years old, ASA I-II were included in the study and randomly allocated into two groups. In Group ESP, patients received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine at the level of T7, while in Group Control, they received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of saline before the induction of anesthesia. Then a standard general anesthesia procedure was conducted in both groups. NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th, 60th minutes, 12th and 24th hours, intraoperative fentanyl need and total postoperative tramadol consumption were recorded. Results: There were 21 patients in Group ESP and 20 patients in Group Control. Mean postoperative tramadol consumption was 100 ± 19.2 mg in Group ESP, while it was 143 ± 18.6 mg in Group Control (p < 0.001). The mean intraoperative fentanyl need was significantly lower in Group ESP (p = 0.022). NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th min, 12th hour and 24th hour were significantly lower in ESP group (p < 0.05). According to repeated measures analysis, NRS score variation over time was significantly varied between two groups (F[1, 39] = 24.061, p < 0.0005). Conclusions: Bilateral US-ESP block provided significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption, intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom (US-ESP) sobre o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório após colecistectomia laparoscópica. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha sobre a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e nos escores de dor pós-operatória. Métodos: Pacientes entre 18 e 70 anos, ASA I-II, foram incluídos no estudo e alocados randomicamente em dois grupos. No Grupo ESP, os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% no nível de T7, enquanto no Grupo Controle os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de solução salina antes da indução da anestesia. Em seguida, um procedimento-padrão de anestesia geral foi feito em ambos os grupos. Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e o consumo total de tramadol no pós-operatório foram registrados. Resultados: O grupo ESP foi constituído por 21 pacientes e o Grupo Controle por 20. O consumo médio de tramadol no pós-operatório foi de 100 ± 19,2 mg no Grupo ESP e de 143 ± 18,6 mg no grupo controle (p < 0,001). A necessidade média de fentanil no intraoperatório foi significativamente menor no grupo ESP (p = 0,022). Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório foram significativamente menores no grupo ESP (p < 0,05). De acordo com a análise de medidas repetidas, a variação do escore NRS ao longo do tempo foi estatisticamente significativa entre dois grupos (F [1,39] = 24,061, p < 0,0005). Conclusões: O bloqueio bilateral US-ESP reduziu de forma significativa o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e os escores de dor no pós-operatório dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica.

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after augmentation mammoplasty: case series / Bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia pós-operatória em mamoplastia de aumento: série de casos

Abstract Augmentation mammoplasty is the third most frequently performed esthetic surgical procedure worldwide. Breast augmentation with prosthetic implants requires the insertion of an implant under breast tissue, which causes severe pain due to tissue extension and surgical trauma to separated tissues. In this case series, we present the successful pain management of six patients with ultrasound-guided Erector Spinae Plane block after augmentation mammoplasty. In the operating room, all patients received standard monitoring. While the patients were sitting, the anesthesiologist performed bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block at the level of T5. Bupivacaine (0.25%, 20 mL) was injected deep to the erector spinae muscle. Then, induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol, fentanyl, and rocuronium bromide. All patients received intravenous dexketoprofen trometamol for analgesia. The mean operation time was 72.5±6 min and none of the patients received additional fentanyl. The mean pain scores of the patients were 1, 2, 2, and 2 at the postoperative 5th, 30th, 60th and 120th minutes, respectively. At the postoperative 24th hour, the mean Numerical Rating Scale score was 1. The mean intravenous tramadol consumption was 70.8±15.3 mg in the first 24 h. None of the patients had any complications related to erector spinae plane block.

Resumo A mamoplastia de aumento é o terceiro procedimento cirúrgico estético mais feito em todo o mundo. A cirurgia com implantes protéticos requer a inserção de um implante sob o tecido mamário, o que causa dor intensa devido à extensão do tecido e trauma cirúrgico aos tecidos separados. Nesta série de casos, apresentamos o manejo bem-sucedido da dor em seis pacientes com bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom (US-ESP) após mamoplastia de aumento. Na sala de cirurgia, todas as pacientes receberam monitoramento padrão. Enquanto as pacientes estavam sentadas, o anestesiologista fez o bloqueio US-ESP bilateral no nível de T5. Bupivacaína (0,25%, 20 mL) foi injetada entre os músculos romboide maior e eretor da espinha. Em seguida, a indução anestésica foi feita com propofol, fentanil e rocurônio. Todas as pacientes receberam dexcetoprofeno trometamol por via venosa para analgesia. O tempo médio de operação foi de 72,5 ± 6 minutos e nenhuma das pacientes recebeu fentanil adicional. Os escores médios de dor das pacientes foram 1, 2, 2 e 2 no 5°, 30°, 60° e 120° minutos de pós-operatório, respectivamente. No 24° dia de pós-operatório, o escore médio da Escala de Avaliação Numérica (NRS) foi 1. O consumo médio de tramadol foi de 40 ± 33,4 mg nas primeiras 24 horas. Nenhuma das pacientes apresentou complicações relacionadas ao bloqueio US-ESP.

Different rates of tramadol infusion for peri and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery / Comparação de diferentes taxas de infusão de tramadol para analgesia peri e pós-operatória em cães submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos sob anestesia geral inalatória

The study aimed to determine the continuous rate infusion of tramadol associated with peri- and postoperative analgesia for orthopedic surgeries in dogs, as well as cardiorespiratory and adverse effects. Thirty dogs aged 4.2±1.2 years and weighing 15.1±0.9kg were enrolled in the study, premedicated intramuscularly with acepromazine (0.04mg kg-1) and tramadol (2mg kg-1); anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Three infusion rates were compared, comprising three experimental groups: G2: 2.0mg kg-1 h-1; G2.5: 2.5mg kg-1 h-1; and G3: 3.0mg kg-1 h-1. Surgery was initiated 15 minutes following the start of tramadol infusion. During anesthesia, animals were monitored in predefined time points: immediately after tracheal intubation and start of inhalation anesthesia (T0); surgical incision (TSI); final suture (TFS) and end of tramadol infusion (TEI), which was maintained for at least 120 minutes and prolonged according to the duration of surgery. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated through an interval pain scoring scale and the Melbourne pain scale. The mean time of tramadol infusion was greater than 120 minutes in all groups and no differences were found among them (141±27 minutes in G2, 137±27 minutes in G2.5 and 137±30 minutes in G3). Perioperative analgesia was regarded as short and did not correlate with infusion rates. Tramadol infusion provided adequate analgesia with cardiorespiratory stability Analgesia was not dose-dependent, however, and residual postoperative effects were short-lasting, which warrants proper postoperative analgesia following tramadol infusion. Additional studies are required using higher infusion rates and standardized nociceptive stimulation in order to determine how doses influence tramadol analgesia and whe therthereis a limit to its effect in dogs.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a infusão de taxa contínua de tramadol associada à analgesia peri e pós-operatória para cirurgias ortopédicas em cães, além de efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e adversos. Foram utilizados 30 cães, com idade média de 4,2±1,2 anos e pesos médios de 15,1±0,9kg, pré-medicados por via intramuscular com acepromazina (0,04mg/kg) e tramadol (2mg/kg). A anestesia foi induzida com propofol e mantida com isoflurano em oxigênio. Foram comparadas três taxas de infusão, compreendendo três grupos experimentais: G2: 2,0mg/kg; G2,5: 2,5mg/kg1; e G3: 3,0mg/kg. A cirurgia começou 15 minutos após o início da infusão de tramadol. Durante a anestesia, os animais foram monitorados nos seguintes momentos: imediatamente após a intubação traqueal e o início da anestesia inalatória (T0); incisão cirúrgica (TSI); final de sutura (TFS) e final da infusão de tramadol (TEI), que foi mantida por, pelo menos, 120 minutos e prolongada de acordo com a duração da cirurgia. A analgesia pós-operatória foi avaliada por escalas de pontuação de dor, conforme a escala intervalar de avaliação de dor e a escala de contagem variável de avaliação de dor da Universidade de Melbourne, a cada uma hora. O tempo médio de infusão de tramadol foi maior que 120 minutos em todos os grupos, e não foram encontradas diferenças entre elas (141±27 minutos em G2, 137±27 minutos em G2,5 e 137±30 minutos em G3). A analgesia perioperatória foi adequada na maioria dos indivíduos e a pós-operatória foi considerada curta, não correlacionada àquelas com diferentes taxas de infusão. A infusão de tramadol nas taxas estudadas produziu analgesia adequada com estabilidade cardiorrespiratória. A analgesia não foi dose dependente, no entanto os efeitos residuais pós-operatórios foram considerados curtos, o que determina a necessidade de analgesia adequada após infusão contínua de tramadol. Estudos adicionais que utilizam taxas mais elevadas de infusão de tramadol e estimulação nociceptiva padrão são necessários para determinar em que medida as doses influenciam a analgesia de tramadol e se há um limite nos seus efeitos nos cães.(AU)

Opioids in the immune system: from experimental studies to clinical practice

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Opioids interact with both innate and adaptive immune systems and have direct effects on opioid receptors located on immune cells. Research on this topic has provided evidence of the opioid influence on the immune response associated with surgical stress. The immunological effects of opioids are currently being investigated, particularly whether they influence the outcome of surgery or the underlying disease regarding important aspects like infection or cancer progression. This review addresses background research related to the influence of the opioid receptor on the immune system, the immunosuppressive effect associated with major opioids during the perioperative period, and their clinical relevance. The objective of the study was to review the effects of opioids on the immune system. Methods: A search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane databases using the terms "immunosuppression," "immune system," "surgical procedures," "analgesics," "opioids" and "perioperative care." Results: The immunosuppressive effect of opioids was identified over 30 years ago. They include signaling and acting directly through immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as activating the downstream pathways of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to the production of immunosuppressive glucocorticoids in the peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os opioides interagem com ambos os sistemas imunes, inato e adaptativo, através de efeitos diretos sobre os receptores dos opioides localizados nas células imunes. As pesquisas neste assunto têm fornecido evidência da influência dos opioides sobre a resposta imune associada ao estresse cirúrgico. Os efeitos imunológicos dos opioides estão sendo pesquisados na atualidade, principalmente se eles determinam o resultado da cirurgia ou doença consequente devido a fatos importantes como infecção ou progressão do câncer. Essa revisão tem como alvo ver antecedentes em pesquisa relativa à influência dos receptores dos opioides no sistema imunológico, o efeito imunossupressor associado com opioides maiores durante o período peri-operatório e sua importância clínica. O objectivo da pesquisa foi revisar os efeitos dos opioides no sistema imunológico. MÉTODOS: Uma estrategia de procura foi dirigida na mídia PubMed, e no cadastro de Embase e The Cochrane, usando os termos "imunosuppressão", "sistema imunológico", "procedimentos cirúrgicos", "analgésicos", "opioides" e "cuidado peri-operatório". RESULTADOS: O efeito imunosuppressor dos opioides foi identificado há mais de 30 anos. Os efeitos imunosupressores incluem sinalização e ação diretamente através das células imunes, mesmo com os linfócitos B e T, células NK, monócitos e macrófagos, também como ativando as vias de corrente do eixo hipotálamo- hipófise- adrenal (HPA) levando à produção de glucocorticoides imunossupresores no sistema nervoso periférico e simpático.

Effects of intraarticular tramadol, magnesium and ketamine on postoperative pain in arthroscopic meniscectomy / Efeitos de tramadol, magnésio e cetamina por via intra-articular sobre a dor pós-operatória em meniscectomia artroscópica

Abstract Objective: Postoperative pain control is important in terms of early recovery and rehabilitation in arthroscopic meniscectomy. For this purpose, we aimed to compare the effects of intraarticular tramadol, magnesium, and ketamine with combinations of pericapsular bupivacaine on postoperative pain and recovery in arthroscopic meniscectomy. Methods: Ninety patients who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy were enrolled in the study. Group T was given tramadol, Group K was given ketamine, and Group M was given magnesium reconstituted intraarticularly, and all groups received periarticular bupivacaine. Comparisons were made in terms of the patients' postoperative Visual Analogue Scale scores with and without movement, need for additional analgesics, first analgesic time, mobilization times, adverse effects, and satisfaction with the analgesics. Results: The Visual Analogue Scale scores were lowest in Group T at 0 minutes, and were higher in the 15th and 30th minutes and 1st, 2nd, and 6th hours. Visual Analogue Scale values with movement were found to be high in Group M at 0 and 15 minutes, but they were found to be higher in group T in the 30th minute, 1st, 2nd and 6th hour. The groups were similar in terms of postoperative additional analgesic use, number of analgesic use, and satisfaction with analgesics; however, the first analgesic time was earlier in Group M, and the first mobilization time was earlier in Group K. Conclusion: Intraarticular ketamine enables early mobilization and less need for additional analgesics, it also provides a better analgesic effect in comparison with intraarticular tramadol and magnesium.

Resumo Objetivo: O controle da dor pós-operatória é importante para recuperação e reabilitação precoces em meniscectomia artroscópica. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de tramadol, magnésio e cetamina administrados por via intra-articular em associação com bupivacaína pericapsular sobre a dor e a recuperação após meniscectomia artroscópica. Métodos: Noventa pacientes submetidos à meniscectomia artroscópica foram incluídos no estudo. O Grupo T recebeu tramadol, o Grupo K recebeu cetamina e o Grupo M recebeu magnésio em doses reconstituídas por via intra-articular e todos os grupos receberam bupivacaína por via periarticular. As avaliações foram feitas mediante comparação dos escores em escala visual analógica no pós-operatório dos pacientes em movimento e em repouso, necessidade de analgésicos adicionais, tempo até a primeira necessidade de analgésico, tempo de mobilização, efeitos adversos e satisfação com os analgésicos. Resultados: Os escores da escala visual analógica foram menores no minuto zero e maiores nos minutos 15 e 30 e nas horas 1, 2 e 6 no Grupo T. Os escores da escala visual analógica em movimento foram maiores nos minutos zero e 15 no Grupo M e maiores no minuto 30 e nas horas 1, 2 e 6 no Grupo T. Os escores dos grupos foram semelhantes em relação à necessidade de analgésico adicional no pós-operatório, ao consumo de analgésico e à satisfação com os analgésicos, mas os tempos até a primeira necessidade de analgesia e até a primeira mobilização foram mais curtos nos grupos M e K, respectivamente. Conclusão: A administração intra-articular de cetamina permite mobilização precoce e diminui a necessidade de analgésicos adicionais, além de proporcionar um melhor efeito analgésico em comparação com tramadol e magnésio por via intra-articular.

Factors associated to potential drug interactions in one Intensive Care Unit: a cross-sectional study / Factores asociados a interacciones medicamentosas potenciales en un Centro de Terapia Intensiva: estudio transversal / Fatores associados a interações medicamentosas potenciais em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the factors associated to Potential Drug Interactions with High Alert Medications in the Intensive Care Unit of a Sentinel Hospital. Methods: a cross-sectional, retrospective study using a quantitative approach carried out at a Sentinel Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. The research was based on the analysis of the prescriptions of patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital, in a period of one year, in order to identify the drug interactions related to high alert medications in these prescriptions. Results: Of the 60 prescriptions analyzed, 244 were selected. In these prescriptions, 846 potential drug interactions related to high alert medications and 33 high alert medications were identified. Of the 112 types of potential drug interactions identified, some were more recurrent: tramadol e ondansetron, midazolam and omeprazole, regular insulin and hydrocortisone, fentanyl and midazolam, and regular insulin and noradrenaline. The variables polypharmacy, length of hospital stay, and some specific medications were associated with drug interactions with high alert medications. Conclusion and Implications for practice: It is important to strengthen strategies to reduce adverse drug events. Therefore, the relevance of studies that investigate the origin of these events is highlighted. Drug interactions can represent medication errors. It's indispensable to work with strategies to better manage the medication system.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los puntos asociados a las Interacciones Medicamentos Potenciales con Medicamentos de alta vigilancia en un Centro de Cuidados Intensivos de un Hospital de Guardia. Métodos: estudio transversal, retrospectivo, de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital de guardia en Rio de Janeiro. Esta investigación se basó en el análisis de las prescripciones medicamentosas de pacientes internados en un Centro de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital, en un período de 1 año, con el objetivo de identificar las interacciones medicamentosas relacionadas con Medicamentos de alta Vigilancia recurrentes en las mismas. Resultados: de los informes analizados, se seleccionaron 244 prescripciones medicamentosas. En las 244 prescripciones de medicamentos, se pudieron identificar 846 Interacciones de Medicamentos Potenciales (IMP) relacionados a Medicamentos de Alta Vigilancia y 33 Medicamentos de Alta Vigilancia. De los 112 tipos de interacciones de medicamentos potenciales identificados, algunos han sido más recurrentes; a saber: tramadol y ondansetrón, midazolam y omeprazol, insulina regular e hidrocortisona, fentanilo y midazolam, insulina regular y noradrenalina. Las variables polifarmacia, tiempo de internación y algunos medicamentos específicos se asociaron a las interacciones medicamentosas potenciales con Medicamentos de Alta Vigilancia. Conclusión e Implicaciones para la práctica: es importante fortalecer las estrategias para reducir los eventos adversos relacionados con medicamentos. Por lo tanto, se destaca la relevancia de los estudios que plantean la naturaleza de estos eventos. Las interacciones medicamentosas pueden provocar errores de medicación. Es imprescindible trabajar con estrategias para administrar mejor el sistema de medicación.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados às Interações Medicamentosas Potenciais com Medicamentos de alta vigilância em Centro de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Sentinela. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital sentinela no Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa apoiou-se na análise das prescrições de pacientes internados no setor, com recorte temporal de 1 ano, a fim de identificar as interações medicamentosas relacionadas a medicamentos de alta vigilância recorrentes nas mesmas. Resultados: Dos 60 prontuários analisados, selecionaram-se 244 prescrições. Nelas identificaram-se 846 interações medicamentosas potenciais, relacionadas aos medicamentos de alta vigilância e 33 medicamentos de alta vigilância. Dos 112 pares de interações identificadas, foram mais recorrentes: tramadol e ondansetrona, midazolam e omeprazol, insulina regular e hidrocortisona, fentanil e midazolam, e insulina regular e noradrenalina. As variáveis polifarmácia, tempo de internação e alguns medicamentos específicos foram associadas às interações com medicamentos de alta vigilância. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: É importante fortalecer as estratégias para reduzir os eventos adversos relacionados a medicamentos. Portanto, destaca-se a relevância de estudos que levantem a natureza desses eventos. As interações medicamentosas podem configurar erros de medicação. Portanto, é indispensável que se trabalhe com estratégias para melhor manejar o sistema de medicação.